Java Virtual Machine Specification

1. Structure of the JVM: runtime data areas

   Heap, method area, stacks, PC registers and frames.

2. Frames and execution

   Local variables, operand stack and dynamic linking.

3. Compiling for the JVM

   How Java constructs compile to bytecode.

4. The class file format

   ClassFile structure and access flags.

5. Constant pool

   Constant pool entries and symbolic references.

6. Attributes

   Code, StackMapTable, Exceptions and other attributes.

7. Class verification

   Type-checking verification with stack maps.

8. Loading, linking and initializing

   Class loaders, linking phases and initialization order.

9. Instruction set

   Opcode semantics grouped by category.

10. Exceptions

    Exception handling in the JVM.

Each section links to the official page. Titles and summaries by Extra Credit; the docs belong to their authors.

• ECMAScript (ECMA-262)
• ECMAScript Internationalization API (ECMA-402)
• Encoding Standard (WHATWG)
• Fetch Standard (WHATWG)
• HTML Living Standard (WHATWG)
• Java Language Specification
• Language Server Protocol
• Model Context Protocol Specification
• PEP 8 Style Guide for Python Code
• POSIX (IEEE Std 1003.1 and Open Group Base Specifications)
• Python Language Reference
• Python Typing Specification