Python

1. Control flow

   if, for, while, range, break/continue, loop else clauses, and structural pattern matching with match statements.

2. Built-in data structures

   Lists, tuples, sets, dicts, comprehensions, unpacking, sequence comparison and looping techniques.

3. Defining functions

   def, default/keyword/positional-only arguments, *args and **kwargs, lambdas, docstrings and annotations.

4. Modules and packages

   import statements, module search path, __name__ == '__main__', packages, __init__.py and relative imports.

5. Input, output and files

   f-strings, str.format, reading and writing files, with statements, and JSON serialization.

6. Errors and exceptions

   try/except/else/finally, raising, exception chaining, custom exceptions, exception groups and cleanup actions.

7. Classes and objects

   Class definitions, instances, methods, class vs instance variables, inheritance, multiple inheritance, name mangling.

8. Scopes and namespaces

   LEGB name resolution, global and nonlocal, closures, and how namespaces bind names to objects.

9. Iterators and generators

   The iterator protocol, __iter__/__next__, generator functions, yield, and generator expressions.

10. Virtual environments and packages

    venv, pip, dependency isolation and installing third-party packages.

11. Standard library tour

    os, sys, re, math, datetime, logging, threading, collections-style helpers and other batteries-included modules.

12. Data model

    Special (dunder) methods, object identity and types, operator overloading, descriptors, slots, metaclasses, context-manager protocol.

13. Execution model

    Code blocks, name binding and resolution, scoping rules, and exception handling at the interpreter level.

14. The import system

    Finders and loaders, sys.path, sys.modules caching, namespace packages and import hooks.

15. Decorators and context managers

    Function and class decorators, functools.wraps, with statements, __enter__/__exit__ and contextlib.

16. Descriptors and properties

    The descriptor protocol behind property, classmethod, staticmethod, bound methods and attribute lookup.

17. Type hints and typing

    Annotations, generics, Protocol, TypedDict, Optional/Union, TypeVar, Callable, and static type checking.

18. Dataclasses

    The @dataclass decorator, generated __init__/__repr__/__eq__, frozen and slotted dataclasses, default factories.

19. Threads, processes and the GIL

    threading, multiprocessing, concurrent.futures, the global interpreter lock, and choosing between concurrency models.

20. Asynchronous programming with asyncio

    Event loop, coroutines, async/await, tasks, gather and TaskGroup, async iterators and synchronization primitives.

Each section links to the official page. Titles and summaries by Extra Credit; the docs belong to their authors.

Source: endoflife.date